aphasia references

[Elizabeth Bates]

I've had a number of requests for references pertaining to our
recent discussion about aphasia and brain localization.  Here
are a few



SOME OF THE RELEVANT REFERENCES FROM THE RECENT DEBATE ON APHASIA
ON THE CONNECTIONIST NET WOULD INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

I.  Some of the cross-language studies of aphasia from our laboratories:

Bates, E. & Wulfeck, B. (1989).  
Comparative aphasiology: a cross-linguistic
approach to language breakdown.  Aphasiology, 3, 111-142.
Review of the cross-language work.

Bates, E. & Wulfeck, B. (1989).  Cross-linguistic studies of aphasia.  
In B. MacWhinney & E. Bates (Eds.), The cross-linguistic study of 
sentence processing.
New York, Cambridge University Press.
Another review, nested within a volume summarizing our
cross-language work with normals as well.

Bates, E., Friederici, A., & Wulfeck, B. (1987a).  
Comprehension in aphasia:
a cross-linguistic study.  Brain & Language, 32, 19-67.
Among other things, this study shows that "receptive agrammatism" (i.e.
partial loss of sensitivity to closed class elements, 
albeit to a different
degree in each language) occurs not only in Broca's, but in Wernicke's,
anomics, and in many neurological and non-neurological patients without
focal brain injury.  In other words, receptive agrammatism may occur
in response to generalized stress!!

Bates, E., Friederici, A., & Wulfeck, B. (1987b).  
Grammatical morphology
in aphasia: evidence from three languages.  Cortex, 23, 545-574.
One of the studies that best illustrates how patients
use their preserved knowledge to "shape" closed class
omission and other typical symptoms.


II.  A few references from other laboratories on the 
     "new look" in aphasia research:

Basso, A., Capitani, E., Laiacona, M. & Luzzatti, C. (1980).  
Factors influencing type and severity of aphasia.  
Cortex, 16, 631 - 636 (an archival review
of MRI and CT data showing how often the classical teaching re lesion
site and aphasia type is violated).

Baum, S. (1989).  On-line sensitivity to local and long-distance
dependencies in Broca's aphasia.  Brain & Language, 37, 327-338.

Damasio, H. & Damasio, A. (1989).  Lesion analysis in neuropsychology.  
New York: Oxford University Press.  
Also documents a few of the surprises
in brain-behavior mapping.

Friederici, A. & Kilborn, K. (1989).  Temporal constraints on language 
processing in Broca's aphasia.  
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1, 262-272.
A study showing "grammatical priming" in Broca's aphasics.

Linebarger, M., Schwartz, M. & Saffran, E. (1983).  Sensitivity to
grammatical structure in so-called agrammatic aphasics.  Cognition, 13,
361-392.  
The first of what are now many papers demonstrating preservation
of grammaticality judgments in "agrammatic" patients.

Lukatela, G., Crain, S. & Shankwweiler, D. (1988).  Sensitivity to
inflectional morphology in agrammatism: investigation of a highly
inflected language.  Brain & Language, 33, 1 - 15.

Miceli, G., Silveri, M., Romani, C. & Caramazza, A. (1989).  Variation
in the pattern of omissions and substitutions of grammatical morphemes
in the spontaneous speech of so-called agrammatic aphasics.  Brain &
Language, 36, 447-492.  This study goes too far in trying to claim
that "everything dissociations from everything else", violating a lot
of statistical assumptions in the process.  Nevertheless, it clearly
shows just how much variation can occur among patients from the "same"
clinical category, and it also shows that "agrammatic" symptoms are
quite common in patients with posterior as opposed to anterior lesions.

Milberg, W. & Blumstein, S. (1981).  
Lexical decision and aphasia: evidence
for semantic processing.  Brain & Language, 14, 371-385.  This is among
the first of a series of papers from this laboratory trying to recast
the Broca/Wernicke contrast in processing rather than content terms.

Ostrin, R. & Schwartz, M. (1986).  Reconstructing from a degraded trace:
a study of sentence repetition in agrammatism.  
Brain & Language, 28, 328-345.
Similar line of argument to Milberg & Blumstein, although it differs in
detail.

Shankweiler, D., Crain, S. Gorrell, P. & Tuller, B. (1989). Reception
of language in Broca's aphasia.  
Language and Cognitive Processes, 4, 1 - 33.
Still more evidence for preserved grammar in Broca's aphasia.

Swinney, D., Zurif, E., Rosenberg, B. & Nicol, J. Modularity and
information access in the lexicon: evidence from aphasia.  Journal of
Cognitive Neuroscience.  Sorry I don't have a more specific reference.
This paper tries to salvage modularity in aphasia, showing that semantic
priming occurs in both Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia, but in slightly
different forms.  In fact, the paper makes a strong case that aphasic
deficits are based on access problems across a preserved knowledge base.

Tyler, L. (1989).  Syntactic deficits and the 
construction of local phrases
in spoken language comprehension.  
Cognitive Neuropsychology, 6, 333 - 356.
Yet another attempt to rewrite the nature of processing deficits in
aphasia, demonstrating that the basic organization of language is
preserved.

III.  Some papers that are relevant to the argument although
      they do not present new data on aphasic patients.

Hinton, G. & Shallice, T. (1989).  Lesioning a connectionist network:
investigations of acquired dyslexia.  
(Tech. rep. CRG-TR-89-30. University
of Toronto).  Funny things can happen when a language net is randomly
lesioned -- things that old-style aphasiologists might typically explain
with the logic of localization if the same symptoms were observed in
a brain-damaged patient.

Kutas, M. & Van Petten, C. (1988).  Event-related brain potential
studies of language.  In P.K. Ackles, J. R. Jennings & M. G. H.
Coles (Eds.), Advances in psychophysiology, Vol. III.  Greenwich,
Connecticut, JAI Press, 139 - 187.

Posner, M. Petersen, S., Fox, P. & Raichle, M. (1988).  Localization of
cognitive operations in the human brain.  Science, 240, 1627 - 1631.
a "new look" at localization based on PET scan data, arguing that
components of attention are localized but linguistic content is not.

Seidenberg, M., McClelland, J. & Patterson, K. (1987).  A distributed
developmental model of visual word recognition, naming and dyslexia.
Symposium on Connectionism, Annual Meeting of the Experimental
Psychological Society (U.K.), Oxford.  There is probably a more
recent, published version of this reference but I don't have it.
Shows how "dyslexic-like" symptoms can arise from random
lesions (i.e. non-localized) to a connectionist net.





hope these are useful. -liz bates