[ACT-R-users] multitasking models

[Dario Salvucci]

Hi all --

I'm trying to compile a representative sampling of models of 
multitasking developed in a cognitive architecture -- i.e., models that 
essentially do two or more things at once.  Most importantly, I'm 
looking for models of complex dynamic tasks that, either implicitly or 
explicitly, share time between two or more component subtasks (e.g., 
monitoring some things while doing other things).

Below is a preliminary list categorized by Kieras et al's four classes 
of models.  In particular, the "compound continuous tasks" include 
models that, as far as I can tell from my reading, do some type of 
multitasking (usually with explicit/probabilistic transitions between 
subtasks).  If there's anything significant missing (and I'm sure there 
is :)) or if the references are not the best/most recognizable ones, 
please let me know.  Fyi, this isn't intended to list every possible 
reference, just what might be considered representative of a domain or 
class of models.

Thanks a bunch,
Dario

-------------------
[full references below]


Discrete Successive Tasks  (i.e., "task switching")
- Altmann & Trafton, 2002 : Alternating choice (ACT-R)
- Kieras et al., 2000 : Alternating choice (EPIC)
- Sohn & Anderson, 2001 : Alternating choice (ACT-R)

Discrete Concurrent Tasks (i.e., "PRP")
- Byrne & Anderson, 2001 : Choice + choice (ACT-R)
- Meyer & Kieras, 1997 : Choice + choice (EPIC)

Elementary Continuous Tasks
- Chong & Laird, 1997 : Tracking + choice (EPIC-Soar)
- Kieras & Meyer, 1997 : Tracking + choice (EPIC)
- Lallement & John : Tracking + choice (Soar, EPIC)

Compound Continuous Tasks
- Aasman & Michon, 1992 : Driving (Soar)
- Byrne & Kirlik, in press : Aircraft taxiing (ACT-R)
- Gluck & Pew, 2002 : Air-traffic control [AMBR] (ACT-R, D-COG, 
EPIC-Soar, iGen)
- Gluck et al., 2003 : Aircraft maneuvering (ACT-R)
- Gray & Schoelles, 2003 : Radar operation [Argus Prime] (ACT-R)
- Jones et al., 1999 : Fighter piloting [TacAir-Soar] (Soar)
- Kieras & Meyer, 1997 : Tracking + decision making (EPIC)
- Laird & Duchi, 2001 : Game playing [Quake] (Soar)
- Salvucci, 2001 : Driver distraction (ACT-R)
- Schoppek, 2002 : Dynamic systems (ACT-R)
- Taatgen & Lee, 2003 : Air-traffic control [KA-ATC] (ACT-R)



Aasman, J., & Michon, J. A. (1992). Multitasking in driving. In J. A. 
Michon & A. Aky=FCrek (Eds.), Soar: A cognitive architecture in 
perspective.  Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.

Altmann, E. M., & Trafton, J. G. (2002).  Memory for goals: An 
activation-based model.  Cognitive Science, 26, 39-83.

Byrne, M. D., & Anderson, J. R. (2001).  Serial modules in parallel: 
The psychological refractory period and perfect time-sharing..  
Psychological Review, 108, 847-869.

Byrne, M. D., & Kirlik, A. (in press). Using computational cognitive 
modeling to diagnose possible sources of aviation error. To appear in 
International Journal of Aviation Psychology.

Chong, R.S. & Laird,  J.E., Towards Learning Dual-Task Executive 
Process Knowledge using  EPIC-Soar.

Gluck, K. A. & Pew, R. W., (2002). The AMBR model comparison project: 
Round III — Modeling category learning.  Proceedings of the 
Twenty-fourth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 
53-54). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Gluck, K. A., Ball, J. T., Krusmark, M. A., Rodgers, S. M., & Purtee, 
M. D. (2003). A computational process model of basic aircraft 
maneuvering. In F. Detje, D. Doerner, & H. Schaub (Eds.), In 
Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Cognitive Modeling 
(pp. 117-122). Bamberg, Germany: Universitats-Verlag Bamberg.

Gray, W. D. & M. J. Schoelles (2003). The Nature and Timing of 
Interruptions in a Complex Cognitive Task: Empirical Data and 
Computational Cognitive Models. In Proceedings of the 25th Annual 
Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. pg 37.

Jones, R. M., Laird, J. E., Nielsen P. E., Coulter, K., Kenny, P., & 
Koss, F. (1999).  Automated intelligent pilots for combat flight 
simulation.  AI Magazine, 20, 27-42.

Kieras, D. & Meyer, D.E. (1997). An overview of the EPIC architecture 
for cognition and performance with application to human-computer 
interaction. Human-Computer Interaction., 12, 391-438.

Kieras, D. E., Meyer, D. E., Ballas, J. A., & Lauber, E. J. (2000).  
Modern computational perspectives on executive mental processes and 
cognitive control: Where to from here?.  In S. Monsell & J. Driver 
(Eds.), Control of Cognitive Processes: Attention and Performance XVIII 
(pp. 681-712).  Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Laird, J. E., & Duchi, J. C. (2000).  Creating Human-like Synthetic 
Characters with Multiple Skill Levels: A Case Study using the Soar 
Quakebot.  In Papers from the AAAI 2000 Fall Symposium on Simulating 
Human Agents, Technical Report FS-0A-03. AAAI Press 2000, 75--79, 2000.

Lallement, Y., & John, B. E. (1998). Cognitive architecture and 
modeling idiom: An examination of three models of the Wickens task. In 
M. A. Gernsbacher & S. J. Derry (Eds.), Proceedings of the twentieth 
annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 597-602). 
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Meyer, D. E., & Kieras, D. E. (1997b).  A computational theory of 
executive cognitive processes and multiple-task performance: Part 2. 
Accounts of psychological refractory period phenomena.  Psychological 
Review, 104, 749-791.

Salvucci, D. D. (2001).  Predicting the effects of in-car interface use 
on driver performance: An integrated model approach.  International 
Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 55, 85-107.

Schoppek, W. (2002). Examples, rules, and strategies in the control of 
dynamic systems. Cognitive Science Quarterly, 1 (4).

Sohn, M.-H., & Anderson, J. R. (2001).  Task preparation and task 
repetition: Two-component model of task switching.  Journal of 
Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 764-778.

Taatgen, N. A., & Lee, F. J. (2003).  Production compilation: A simple 
mechanism to model complex skill acquisition.  Human Factors, 45, 
61-76.


_____________________________________
Dario Salvucci, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science
Drexel University
http://www.cs.drexel.edu/~salvucci/