<html aria-label="message body"><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;">Fred,<div><br><div>The notion of “meaning” (semantics) used to be unquestionably an ill-defined term in the neuroscience literature.</div><div>However, with the case of olfaction, I believe that to no longer be true. </div><div>Odorant semantics is now formally defined as odorant identity. Please see the review paper below:</div><div><br></div><div><a href="http://www.bionet.ee.columbia.edu/publications/aurel+a.+lazar/" class="author" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 122, 183); text-decoration: none; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Aurel A. Lazar</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> and </span><a href="http://www.bionet.ee.columbia.edu/publications/yiyin+zhou/" class="author" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 122, 183); text-decoration: none; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Yiyin Zhou</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><a href="http://www.bionet.ee.columbia.edu/publications/6275039297011712/" class="title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 122, 183); text-decoration: none;">The Connectome and the Quest for the Functional Logic of the Drosophila Early Olfactory System</a></b><br style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">arxiv</i><span style="caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> , August 2026 </span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><a href="http://www.bionet.ee.columbia.edu/publications/6275039297011712/?bibtex" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 122, 183); text-decoration: none; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">BibTex </a><span style="caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><a class="link" rel="external" href="http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2608.19290" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(51, 122, 183); text-decoration: none; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">DOI</a></div><div><div>
<div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><br></div><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;">Happy to answer any questions that you may have.</div><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;">Best,</div><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;">Aurel<br>http://www.bionet.ee.columbia.edu<br><br><br><br><br><br></div></div></div></div>
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<div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>On Aug 24, 2026, at 11:46 AM, Rothganger, Fred <frothga@sandia.gov> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div><meta charset="UTF-8"><div dir="ltr" lang="en" id="pfptBannerc5mcjxq" style="color-scheme: revert !important; math-depth: revert !important; ruby-position: revert !important; writing-mode: revert !important; font-family: revert !important; font-feature-settings: revert !important; font-kerning: revert !important; font-optical-sizing: revert !important; font-palette: revert !important; font-size: revert !important; font-size-adjust: revert !important; font-style: revert !important; font-synthesis-small-caps: revert !important; font-synthesis-style: revert !important; font-synthesis-weight: revert !important; font-variant-alternates: revert !important; font-variant-caps: revert !important; font-variant-east-asian: revert !important; font-variant-emoji: revert !important; font-variant-ligatures: revert !important; font-variant-numeric: revert !important; 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mask-mode: unset !important; mask-type: unset !important; math-shift: unset !important; math-style: unset !important; mix-blend-mode: unset !important; object-fit: unset !important; object-position: unset !important; offset-anchor: unset !important; offset-distance: unset !important; offset-path: unset !important; offset-position: unset !important; offset-rotate: unset !important; order: unset !important; orphans: unset !important; outline: unset !important; outline-offset: unset !important; overflow-wrap: unset !important; page: unset !important; paint-order: unset !important; perspective: unset !important; perspective-origin: unset !important; pointer-events: unset !important; position: unset !important; position-anchor: unset !important; position-area: unset !important; position-try: unset !important; position-visibility: unset !important; print-color-adjust: unset !important; quotes: unset !important; r: unset !important; resize: unset !important; rotate: unset !important; ruby-align: unset !important; 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text-align-last: unset !important; text-anchor: unset !important; text-box: unset !important; text-combine-upright: unset !important; text-decoration: unset !important; text-decoration-skip-ink: unset !important; text-emphasis-color: unset !important; text-emphasis-position: unset !important; text-emphasis-style: unset !important; text-indent: unset !important; text-overflow: unset !important; text-shadow: unset !important; text-transform: unset !important; text-underline-offset: unset !important; text-underline-position: unset !important; text-wrap: unset !important; timeline-scope: unset !important; touch-action: unset !important; transform: unset !important; transform-box: unset !important; transform-origin: unset !important; transform-style: unset !important; transition: unset !important; translate: unset !important; vector-effect: unset !important; vertical-align: unset !important; view-timeline: unset !important; view-transition-class: unset !important; view-transition-name: unset !important; white-space: unset !important; widows: unset !important; will-change: unset !important; word-break: unset !important; x: unset !important; y: unset !important; z-index: unset !important; -apple-color-filter: unset !important; -apple-pay-button-style: unset !important; -apple-pay-button-type: unset !important; -apple-visual-effect: unset !important; -webkit-backdrop-filter: unset !important; -webkit-background-clip: unset !important; -webkit-background-origin: unset !important; border-spacing: unset !important; -webkit-box-align: unset !important; -webkit-box-decoration-break: unset !important; -webkit-box-direction: unset !important; -webkit-box-flex: unset !important; -webkit-box-flex-group: unset !important; -webkit-box-lines: unset !important; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: unset !important; -webkit-box-orient: unset !important; -webkit-box-pack: unset !important; -webkit-box-reflect: unset !important; -webkit-box-shadow: unset !important; -webkit-column-axis: unset !important; -webkit-column-progression: unset !important; -webkit-cursor-visibility: unset !important; -webkit-hyphenate-limit-after: unset !important; -webkit-hyphenate-limit-before: unset !important; -webkit-hyphenate-limit-lines: unset !important; -webkit-initial-letter: unset !important; -webkit-line-align: unset !important; -webkit-line-box-contain: unset !important; -webkit-line-clamp: unset !important; -webkit-line-grid: unset !important; -webkit-line-snap: unset !important; mask-size: unset !important; -webkit-mask: unset !important; -webkit-mask-composite: unset !important; -webkit-mask-source-type: unset !important; -webkit-nbsp-mode: unset !important; -webkit-rtl-ordering: unset !important; -webkit-ruby-position: unset !important; -webkit-text-combine: unset !important; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: unset !important; -webkit-text-fill-color: unset !important; -webkit-text-security: unset !important; -webkit-text-stroke-color: unset !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: unset !important; -webkit-user-drag: unset !important; -webkit-user-modify: unset !important; -webkit-user-select: unset !important; display: block !important; visibility: visible !important; opacity: unset !important; background-color: rgb(250, 223, 155) !important; max-width: unset !important; max-height: unset !important; border-radius: unset !important; inset: unset !important; contain-intrinsic-size: unset !important; height: unset !important; margin: unset !important; min-height: unset !important; min-width: unset !important; overflow: unset !important; overscroll-behavior: unset !important; padding: unset !important; scroll-margin: unset !important; scroll-padding: unset !important; width: unset !important; block-size: unset !important; border-block: unset !important; border-end-end-radius: unset !important; border-end-start-radius: unset !important; border-inline: unset !important; border-start-end-radius: unset !important; border-start-start-radius: unset !important; contain-intrinsic-block-size: unset !important; contain-intrinsic-inline-size: unset !important; inline-size: unset !important; inset-block: unset !important; inset-inline: unset !important; margin-block: unset !important; margin-inline: unset !important; max-block-size: unset !important; max-inline-size: unset !important; min-block-size: unset !important; min-inline-size: unset !important; overflow-block: unset !important; overflow-inline: unset !important; overscroll-behavior-block: unset !important; overscroll-behavior-inline: unset !important; padding-block: unset !important; padding-inline: unset !important; scroll-margin-block: unset !important; scroll-margin-inline: unset !important; scroll-padding-block: unset !important; scroll-padding-inline: unset !important;">Be Careful With This Message</div><div id="pfptBannerc5mcjxq" style="color-scheme: unset !important; math-depth: unset !important; ruby-position: unset !important; writing-mode: unset !important; font-family: Arial, sans-serif !important; font-feature-settings: unset !important; font-kerning: unset !important; font-optical-sizing: unset !important; font-palette: unset !important; font-size: 12px !important; font-size-adjust: unset !important; font-style: unset !important; font-synthesis-small-caps: unset !important; font-synthesis-style: unset !important; font-synthesis-weight: unset !important; font-variant-alternates: unset !important; font-variant-caps: unset !important; font-variant-east-asian: unset !important; font-variant-ligatures: unset !important; font-variant-numeric: unset !important; font-variant-position: unset !important; font-variation-settings: unset !important; font-weight: unset !important; font-width: unset !important; text-orientation: unset !important; text-rendering: unset !important; zoom: unset !important; -webkit-font-smoothing: unset !important; -webkit-locale: unset !important; -webkit-text-zoom: unset !important; letter-spacing: unset !important; text-autospace: unset !important; word-spacing: unset !important; background-image: unset !important; mask: unset !important; accent-color: unset !important; place-content: unset !important; place-items: unset !important; place-self: unset !important; alignment-baseline: unset !important; anchor-name: unset !important; anchor-scope: unset !important; animation-composition: unset !important; animation: unset !important; appearance: unset !important; aspect-ratio: unset !important; backdrop-filter: unset !important; backface-visibility: unset !important; background-attachment: unset !important; background-blend-mode: unset !important; background-clip: unset !important; background-origin: unset !important; background-position: unset !important; background-repeat: unset !important; background-size: unset !important; baseline-shift: unset !important; border-collapse: unset !important; border: unset !important; box-shadow: unset !important; box-sizing: unset !important; break-after: unset !important; break-before: unset !important; break-inside: unset !important; buffered-rendering: unset !important; caption-side: unset !important; caret-color: unset !important; clear: unset !important; clip: unset !important; clip-path: unset !important; clip-rule: unset !important; color-interpolation: unset !important; color-interpolation-filters: unset !important; column-count: unset !important; column-fill: unset !important; gap: unset !important; column-rule-color: unset !important; column-rule-style: unset !important; column-rule-width: unset !important; column-span: unset !important; column-width: unset !important; contain: unset !important; container-name: unset !important; container-type: unset !important; content: unset !important; content-visibility: unset !important; counter-increment: unset !important; counter-reset: unset !important; counter-set: unset !important; cursor: unset !important; cx: unset !important; cy: unset !important; dominant-baseline: unset !important; dynamic-range-limit: unset !important; empty-cells: unset !important; field-sizing: unset !important; fill: unset !important; fill-opacity: unset !important; fill-rule: unset !important; filter: unset !important; flex: unset !important; flex-flow: unset !important; float: unset !important; flood-color: unset !important; flood-opacity: unset !important; flow-tolerance: unset !important; glyph-orientation-horizontal: unset !important; glyph-orientation-vertical: unset !important; grid: unset !important; grid-column-end: unset !important; grid-column-start: unset !important; grid-row-end: unset !important; grid-row-start: unset !important; hanging-punctuation: unset !important; hyphenate-character: unset !important; hyphens: unset !important; image-orientation: unset !important; image-rendering: unset !important; isolation: unset !important; lighting-color: unset !important; line-break: unset !important; line-height: 1.5 !important; list-style: unset !important; margin-trim: unset !important; marker: unset !important; mask-composite: unset !important; mask-mode: unset !important; mask-type: unset !important; math-shift: unset !important; math-style: unset !important; mix-blend-mode: unset !important; object-fit: unset !important; object-position: unset !important; offset-anchor: unset !important; offset-distance: unset !important; offset-path: unset !important; offset-position: unset !important; offset-rotate: unset !important; order: unset !important; orphans: unset !important; outline: unset !important; outline-offset: unset !important; overflow-wrap: unset !important; page: unset !important; paint-order: unset !important; perspective: unset !important; perspective-origin: unset !important; pointer-events: unset !important; position: unset !important; position-anchor: unset !important; position-area: unset !important; position-try: unset !important; position-visibility: unset !important; print-color-adjust: unset !important; quotes: unset !important; r: unset !important; resize: unset !important; rotate: unset !important; ruby-align: unset !important; ruby-overhang: unset !important; rx: unset !important; ry: unset !important; scale: unset !important; scroll-behavior: unset !important; scroll-snap-align: unset !important; scroll-snap-stop: unset !important; scroll-snap-type: unset !important; scroll-timeline: unset !important; scrollbar-color: unset !important; scrollbar-gutter: unset !important; scrollbar-width: unset !important; shape-image-threshold: unset !important; shape-margin: unset !important; shape-outside: unset !important; shape-rendering: unset !important; speak-as: unset !important; stop-color: unset !important; stop-opacity: unset !important; stroke: unset !important; stroke-color: unset !important; stroke-dasharray: unset !important; stroke-dashoffset: unset !important; stroke-linecap: unset !important; stroke-linejoin: unset !important; stroke-miterlimit: unset !important; stroke-opacity: unset !important; stroke-width: unset !important; tab-size: unset !important; table-layout: unset !important; text-align: unset !important; text-align-last: unset !important; text-anchor: unset !important; text-box: unset !important; text-combine-upright: unset !important; text-decoration: unset !important; text-decoration-skip-ink: unset !important; text-emphasis-color: unset !important; text-emphasis-position: unset !important; text-emphasis-style: unset !important; text-indent: unset !important; text-overflow: unset !important; text-shadow: unset !important; text-transform: unset !important; text-underline-offset: unset !important; text-underline-position: unset !important; text-wrap: unset !important; timeline-scope: unset !important; touch-action: unset !important; transform: unset !important; transform-box: unset !important; transform-origin: unset !important; transform-style: unset !important; transition: unset !important; translate: unset !important; vector-effect: unset !important; vertical-align: unset !important; view-timeline: unset !important; view-transition-class: unset !important; view-transition-name: unset !important; white-space: unset !important; widows: unset !important; will-change: unset !important; word-break: unset !important; x: unset !important; y: unset !important; z-index: unset !important; -apple-color-filter: unset !important; -apple-pay-button-style: unset !important; -apple-pay-button-type: unset !important; -apple-visual-effect: unset !important; -webkit-backdrop-filter: unset !important; -webkit-background-clip: unset !important; -webkit-background-origin: unset !important; border-spacing: unset !important; -webkit-box-align: unset !important; -webkit-box-decoration-break: unset !important; -webkit-box-direction: unset !important; -webkit-box-flex: unset !important; -webkit-box-flex-group: unset !important; -webkit-box-lines: unset !important; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: unset !important; -webkit-box-orient: unset !important; -webkit-box-pack: unset !important; -webkit-box-reflect: unset !important; -webkit-box-shadow: unset !important; -webkit-column-axis: unset !important; -webkit-column-progression: unset !important; -webkit-cursor-visibility: unset !important; -webkit-hyphenate-limit-after: unset !important; -webkit-hyphenate-limit-before: unset !important; -webkit-hyphenate-limit-lines: unset !important; -webkit-initial-letter: unset !important; -webkit-line-align: unset !important; -webkit-line-box-contain: unset !important; -webkit-line-clamp: unset !important; -webkit-line-grid: unset !important; -webkit-line-snap: unset !important; mask-size: unset !important; -webkit-mask: unset !important; -webkit-mask-composite: unset !important; -webkit-mask-source-type: unset !important; -webkit-nbsp-mode: unset !important; -webkit-rtl-ordering: unset !important; -webkit-ruby-position: unset !important; -webkit-text-combine: unset !important; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: unset !important; -webkit-text-fill-color: unset !important; -webkit-text-security: unset !important; -webkit-text-stroke-color: unset !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: unset !important; -webkit-user-drag: unset !important; -webkit-user-modify: unset !important; -webkit-user-select: unset !important; display: block !important; visibility: visible !important; opacity: unset !important; background-color: rgb(250, 223, 155) !important; max-width: unset !important; max-height: unset !important; border-radius: unset !important; inset: unset !important; contain-intrinsic-size: unset !important; height: unset !important; margin-bottom: unset !important; margin-left: unset !important; margin-right: unset !important; min-height: unset !important; min-width: unset !important; overflow: unset !important; overscroll-behavior: unset !important; padding: unset !important; scroll-margin: unset !important; scroll-padding: unset !important; width: unset !important; block-size: unset !important; border-block: unset !important; border-end-end-radius: unset !important; border-end-start-radius: unset !important; border-inline: unset !important; border-start-end-radius: unset !important; border-start-start-radius: unset !important; contain-intrinsic-block-size: unset !important; contain-intrinsic-inline-size: unset !important; inline-size: unset !important; inset-block: unset !important; inset-inline: unset !important; margin-block: unset !important; margin-inline: unset !important; max-block-size: unset !important; max-inline-size: unset !important; min-block-size: unset !important; min-inline-size: unset !important; overflow-block: unset !important; overflow-inline: unset !important; overscroll-behavior-block: unset !important; overscroll-behavior-inline: unset !important; padding-block: unset !important; padding-inline: unset !important; scroll-margin-block: unset !important; scroll-margin-inline: unset !important; scroll-padding-block: unset !important; scroll-padding-inline: unset !important; margin-top: 2px !important;">The sender's identity could not be verified and someone may be impersonating the sender.</div></div><div style="height: 0px; clear: both !important; display: block !important; visibility: hidden !important; line-height: 0 !important; font-size: 0.01px !important;"></div></div><div class="elementToProof" style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Asim,</div><div class="elementToProof" style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></div><div class="elementToProof" style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">It makes sense for you to put "meaning" in scare-quotes, since it is another ill-defined term. IMHO, the important thing is adaptive behavior. That a particular neuron fires when the organism is exposed to a stimulus is significant because that spike does work on other parts of the system, ultimately shaping behavior. The notion of "meaning" may just be a convenience for us as observers discussing the system.</div><div class="elementToProof" style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></div><div class="elementToProof" style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">-- Fred</div><div class="elementToProof" style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></div><div class="elementToProof" style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, Aptos_EmbeddedFont, Aptos_MSFontService, Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br></div><hr style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; display: inline-block; width: 938.828125px;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;"></span><div id="divRplyFwdMsg" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid;"><div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><b>From:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Connectionists <<a href="mailto:connectionists-bounces@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu">connectionists-bounces@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu</a>> on behalf of Asim Roy <<a href="mailto:ASIM.ROY@asu.edu">ASIM.ROY@asu.edu</a>><br><b>Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Friday, August 21, 2026 10:47 PM<br><b>To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>KENTRIDGE, ROBERT W. <<a href="mailto:robert.kentridge@durham.ac.uk">robert.kentridge@durham.ac.uk</a>>; Gary Marcus <<a href="mailto:gary.marcus@nyu.edu">gary.marcus@nyu.edu</a>>; Stephen José Hanson <<a href="mailto:jose@rubic.rutgers.edu">jose@rubic.rutgers.edu</a>>; Hava Siegelmann (<a href="mailto:hava.siegelmann@gmail.com">hava.siegelmann@gmail.com</a>) <<a href="mailto:hava.siegelmann@gmail.com">hava.siegelmann@gmail.com</a>>; Juergen Schmidhuber <<a href="mailto:juergen.schmidhuber@kaust.edu.sa">juergen.schmidhuber@kaust.edu.sa</a>>; Ali Minai <<a href="mailto:minaiaa@gmail.com">minaiaa@gmail.com</a>><br><b>Cc:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:director@inc.ucsd.edu">director@inc.ucsd.edu</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><<a href="mailto:director@inc.ucsd.edu">director@inc.ucsd.edu</a>>;<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:connectionists@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu">connectionists@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><<a href="mailto:connectionists@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu">connectionists@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu</a>><br><b>Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[EXTERNAL] Re: Connectionists: FW: AI@50 videos...</div><div style="direction: ltr;"> </div></div><div style="margin: 0in 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">By the way, most of these microelectrode-based studies, starting with Horace Barlow, are single cell studies. And the single cell studies are the ones that have won Noble prizes because of the insights they produced. The overall evidence from these studies is not just about grandmother cells, but about single cells encoding abstractions and “meaning.” Reddy and Thorpe (2014) conclude:</div><p style="margin: 0in 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </p><div style="margin: 0in 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">“<span class="spanWithBackgroundColor" style="background-color: yellow;"><i>In conclusion, evidence is accumulating that “concept cells” carry<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i><b><i>high-level, abstract stimulus information</i></b></span>.”</div><p style="margin: 0in 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </p><div style="margin: 0in 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Single cells having “meaning” was (and still is) at the heart of discussion at that time because it contradicts the fundamental population coding idea where single neurons by themselves have no meaning, they only have meaning collectively. And Walter Freeman at that time could not accept the idea that single cells have meaning. We were supposed to have a public debate about this at IJCNN 2011 in San Jose. Walter posed the question directly to Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, who conducted many of these experiments under the supervision of Itzhak Fried and Christof Koch. Walter also knew Rodrigo, having been co-authors or co-editors of a book. Rodrigo came through at the last minute before the public debate, acknowledging that the single cells in his studies indeed had “meaning.”</div><p style="margin: 0in 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </p><div style="margin: 0in 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Meaning” and abstraction is at the heart of these debates, not grandmother cells. And finding “meaning” in activations of single cells directly contradicts the population coding hypothesis and supports instead the symbol system hypothesis.</div><p style="margin: 0in 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </p><div style="margin: 0in 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Asim Roy</div><div style="margin: 0in 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Professor, Information Systems</div><div style="margin: 0in 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Arizona State University</div><div style="margin: 0in 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/lifeboat.com/ex/bios.asim.roy__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NHg1P4byXZZmMFLMgr8A4dQNxSlqyvsqWef4wrPXtCXR0f0bo0eMm-rIF8G6ZV0$" id="OWA5b696ac3-e032-6211-f1bd-48eb6d34d143" class="OWAAutoLink" originalsrc="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/lifeboat.com/ex/bios.asim.roy__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NHg1P4byXZZmMFLMgr8A4dQNxSlqyvsqWef4wrPXtCXR0f0bo0eMm-rIF8G6ZV0$" data-auth="NotApplicable" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><u>Lifeboat Foundation Bios: Professor Asim Roy</u></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-thickness: auto; text-decoration-style: solid; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://isearch.asu.edu/profile/9973__;!!BDUfV1Et5lrpZQ!U_TC-q4ErOzkCF5phc2VLI_Oq_ix6JWSJ-G8CUCAPjjAHJ1xvQd7MPbiGxKbpN7Z3_RG2YOYDyjzBca3e4KR$" id="OWAd1da8e8d-03b5-d24a-9a3d-f548c6665c0b" class="OWAAutoLink" originalsrc="https://isearch.asu.edu/profile/9973" data-auth="NotApplicable" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><u>Asim Roy | iSearch (asu.edu)</u></a></span></div></div></blockquote></div><br></div></div></body></html>