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It is worth pointing out that in Jerry Lettvin’s original paper on the grandmother cell the concept was presented as a joke. Lettvin certainly believed in the notion that one might identify cells in the frog’s brain as ‘bug detectors’, but he appeared to be
sceptical about the idea that such cells might exist in the human brain representing complex concepts like ‘my grandmother’. There are a couple of great papers on the history of the grandmother cell:</div>
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Ann-Sophie Barwich (2019) The Value of Failure in Science: The Story of Grandmother Cells in Neuroscience. Front. Neurosci. 13:1121. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01121</div>
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Charles C Gross (2002) Genealogy of the "grandmother cell”. Neuroscientist 8(5):512-8. doi: 10.1177/107385802237175.</div>
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I remember chatting to Charlie Gross about this around that time (he also reminisced about his part-time job mowing BF Skinner’s lawn).</div>
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People often assume that the Quiroga et al (2005 Nature, 435. 1102 - 1107) paper on the Jennifer Aniston cell was positive evidence for the existence of grandmother cells in the human brain. This is far from the truth. The Jennifer Aniston cell does not only
respond to Jennifer Aniston, but also to related concepts like ‘Lisa Kudow’ (another actress in ‘Friends’), so activity in that cell does not uniquely code ‘Jennifer Aniston’ and cannot be used to read out the presence of Jennifer Aniston. Quiroga et al make
this clear in the discussion of their findings.</div>
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Bob Kentridge</div>
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Psychology Department</div>
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University of Durham</div>
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Canadian Institute for Advanced Research</div>
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Programme on Brain, Mind and Consciousness</div>
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<b>From: </b>Connectionists <connectionists-bounces@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu> on behalf of Asim Roy <ASIM.ROY@asu.edu><br>
<b>Date: </b>Thursday, 20 August 2026 at 06:51<br>
<b>To: </b>Gary Marcus <gary.marcus@nyu.edu>; Stephen José Hanson <jose@rubic.rutgers.edu><br>
<b>Cc: </b>director@inc.ucsd.edu <director@inc.ucsd.edu>; connectionists@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu <connectionists@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: Connectionists: FW: AI@50 videos...<br>
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<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 254, 207);"><b>[EXTERNAL EMAIL]</b></span></div>
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The Horace Barlow note was after a furious private debate with some eminent neuro and cognitive scientists regarding Jennifer Aniston cells being evidence for grandmother cells. And this was at age 93 when he visited me after defending his theory. At that stage
of his career, his insights were profound.</p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Asim Roy</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Professor, Information Systems</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Arizona State University</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: blue;"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/lifeboat.com/ex/bios.asim.roy__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NHg1P4byXZZmMFLMgr8A4dQNxSlqyvsqWef4wrPXtCXR0f0bo0eMm-rIF8G6ZV0$" originalsrc="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/lifeboat.com/ex/bios.asim.roy__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NHg1P4byXZZmMFLMgr8A4dQNxSlqyvsqWef4wrPXtCXR0f0bo0eMm-rIF8G6ZV0$" data-outlook-id="d0d42f8a-7a9a-4e51-957f-563b9c873681" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><u>Lifeboat
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><b>From:</b> Asim Roy<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, August 19, 2026 6:28 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> 'Gary Marcus' <gary.marcus@nyu.edu>; Stephen José Hanson <jose@rubic.rutgers.edu><br>
<b>Cc:</b> director@inc.ucsd.edu; connectionists@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu<br>
<b>Subject:</b> RE: Connectionists: FW: AI@50 videos...</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">I had some communication with Marvin Minsky and Jerry Fodor years ago. Here are two quotes from them:</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1. Marvin Minsky: "</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; background-color: yellow;">Don’t pay any attention to the critics. Don’t even ignore them</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">.”
-By Sam Goldwyn</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2. Jerry Fodor: “</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; background-color: yellow;">Arguing with Connectionists is like arguing with zombies; both are dead, but neither has noticed it</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">.”</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">And here’s a note from a neuroscience pioneer Horace Barlow, Darwin’s great-grandson (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: blue;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Barlow" originalsrc="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Barlow" data-outlook-id="5254b757-f6d6-42a5-b574-64303aacaf8e" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><u>Horace
Barlow - Wikipedia</u></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">), winner of many neuroscience prizes. Without his pioneering work poking into frog brains with microelectrodes, we would NOT have AI as we see it today. The grandmother
cell theory essentially points to where cognition exists in an abstract form. And there is plenty of neurophysiological evidence for such single cell abstractions, starting with line orientation cells.</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(5, 5, 5);">======================================================================================================================================</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(5, 5, 5);">Dear Asim</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(5, 5, 5);">Yes, I would like to join your group, though I would (again) like to make it clear that the grandmother cell theory is not mine, though I still hold that something conforming amazingly
well to what was conceptualised by Jerry Lettvin 50 years ago, really does exist!</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(5, 5, 5);">I am still actively interested in the topic, and have just sent off the final proofs of an essay bearing on it. I shall send you a copy of the final proof as soon as I am allowed to circulate
it, and of course the more widely discussed it is the better pleased I shall be, though I fear that
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(5, 5, 5); background-color: yellow;">what I have written will not be universally accepted, at least at first</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(5, 5, 5);">!</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(5, 5, 5);">Best regards</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: rgb(5, 5, 5);">Horace</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">=============================================================================================================</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Asim Roy</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Professor, Information Systems</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Arizona State University</span></p>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: blue;"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/lifeboat.com/ex/bios.asim.roy__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NHg1P4byXZZmMFLMgr8A4dQNxSlqyvsqWef4wrPXtCXR0f0bo0eMm-rIF8G6ZV0$" originalsrc="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/lifeboat.com/ex/bios.asim.roy__;!!IKRxdwAv5BmarQ!NHg1P4byXZZmMFLMgr8A4dQNxSlqyvsqWef4wrPXtCXR0f0bo0eMm-rIF8G6ZV0$" data-outlook-id="f730364f-2318-4bbb-955e-00a1675ac353" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><u>Lifeboat
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; color: blue;"><a href="https://isearch.asu.edu/profile/9973" originalsrc="https://isearch.asu.edu/profile/9973" data-outlook-id="390311dc-31c2-4007-b637-9fe4eb9bcb7a" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><u>Asim
Roy | iSearch (asu.edu)</u></a></span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><b>From:</b> Connectionists <</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: blue;"><a href="mailto:connectionists-bounces@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu" data-outlook-id="69802a51-c7e1-43e0-b7f2-1f3509facf81" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><u>connectionists-bounces@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu</u></a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Gary Marcus<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, August 19, 2026 11:23 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Stephen José Hanson <</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: blue;"><a href="mailto:jose@rubic.rutgers.edu" data-outlook-id="50df9f00-0735-4ebb-98d1-a6ed6c40c852" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><u>jose@rubic.rutgers.edu</u></a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">><br>
<b>Cc:</b> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: blue;"><a href="mailto:director@inc.ucsd.edu" data-outlook-id="e6d487b7-adfe-4ff3-bf77-64dea92925d8" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><u>director@inc.ucsd.edu</u></a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">;
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: blue;"><a href="mailto:connectionists@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu" data-outlook-id="694a36f3-e005-4f64-ab55-ccbcf58bff92" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><u>connectionists@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu</u></a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: Connectionists: FW: AI@50 videos...</span></p>
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yep: neural networks ascended, pushed symbols out of the way, and then symbols came back relabeled as harnesses, loops code interpreters, and tools.</p>
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neurosymbolic AI, the hybrid of the two approaches, clearly beat either of the two alternatives on their own.</p>
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claude code, biggest recent advance, shows that pretty clearly, when you look under the hood.</p>
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gary</p>
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On Aug 19, 2026, at 10:16<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span>AM, Stephen José Hanson <<span style="color: blue;"><a href="mailto:jose@rubic.rutgers.edu" data-outlook-id="69c26e23-8218-42b4-a600-6c6b053d2377" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><u>jose@rubic.rutgers.edu</u></a></span>>
wrote:</p>
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<p class="WordSection1">Yes, historically this was an important meeting --and indeed the term AI was coined by John McCarthy who with several others put together the 1955 meeting; McCarthy also invented LISP after this meeting. Part of the AI meeting at
DM was political. McCarthy deliberately chose "Artificial Intelligence" partly to distance the new effort from Wiener's cybernetics and the neural network tradition. Which was thematic in the MACY meetings.. which ended in 1953--2 years before the "AI" meeting.
McCarthy wanted to stake out a separate field with a symbolic/logical emphasis (in contrast to McCulloch and Pitts). So the naming wasn't just descriptive; it was a bit of a territorial move that arguably sidelined neural networks for decades until the connectionist
revival in the 1980s (sorry Juergen). And the more recent revolution associated with DL and LLMs more specifically. In the 1970s, this fueled the long term debate in Cognitive Science on Symbols/Rules vs Vectors/NN. </p>
<p class="WordSection1">Well at least we know how that turned out.</p>
<p class="WordSection1">Stephen</p>
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On 8/17/26 13:30, Terry Sejnowski wrote:</p>
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Jean-Marc -<br>
<br>
I was there and gave a talk, the only one on neural networks. I learned a lot from the other speakers.<br>
<br>
I just listened to the questions at the end of my talk. I pretty much predicted what was going to happen in AI and thought it would take 50 years. I was wrong, it took less than 20 years.<br>
<br>
One of the questions at the end was about intelligent aliens who appear and don't have human brains.<br>
This was a set piece in my recent book on ChatGPT and the Future of AI, where ChatGPT is the alien.<br>
<br>
I gave my version of that meeting in my first book on the Deep Learning Revolution. Every talk that reported progress did so because they had enough data to analyze, including Gene Charniak who was trying to parse sentences and Takeo Kanade working on computer
vision (These two talks are not included in the list). At the end Marvin Minsky accused them for just working on applications, not real AI.<br>
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Terry<br>
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On 8/17/2026 9:18 AM, Fellous, Jean-Marc wrote:</p>
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In case you did not see this: Some amazing lectures and (now historical) perspectives… the most interesting parts are when they tried and predicted the future of AI!</p>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><b>From:</b> Connectionists
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: blue;"><a href="mailto:connectionists-bounces@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu" data-outlook-id="dec26aba-ea48-4c9a-8cc1-22ec03a42cf3" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><u><connectionists-bounces@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu></u></a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<b>On Behalf Of </b>George Cybenko<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, August 17, 2026 6:00 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: blue;"><a href="mailto:connectionists@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu" data-outlook-id="53e215e1-c75d-42ef-8321-921c25a4bc4c" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><u>connectionists@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu</u></a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Connectionists: AI@50 videos...</span></p>
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In 2006, we held a 50th anniversary conference at Dartmouth to commemorate</p>
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the historic 1956 meeting that coined the term "artificial intelligence." At that time,</p>
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five of the surviving original participants attended. Today they are all gone.</p>
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I just recently posted videos of the talks from the AI@50 meeting at</p>
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<span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/sites.dartmouth.edu/cybenko/dartmouth-ai50-videos/__;!!Mih3wA!HX5M154b9l4fIHZdxakK00FZ4H1IPqVHrV_pC-lh-4XwoZ6CvDp7SyXZ-ObDk5oWYIct3ux47KDlf3KvyIoMq7VLCwxY0JhC$" originalsrc="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/sites.dartmouth.edu/cybenko/dartmouth-ai50-videos/__;!!Mih3wA!HX5M154b9l4fIHZdxakK00FZ4H1IPqVHrV_pC-lh-4XwoZ6CvDp7SyXZ-ObDk5oWYIct3ux47KDlf3KvyIoMq7VLCwxY0JhC$" data-outlook-id="5f435572-1519-439b-a28d-9f5096e89d94" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><u>https://sites.dartmouth.edu/cybenko/dartmouth-ai50-videos/</u></a></span></p>
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INobody foresaw what is happening in AI today and in fact,</p>
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there were several digs against neural networks etc. </p>
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Enjoy!</p>
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Regards</p>
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George Cybenko</p>
<pre style="margin: 0in;"><div class="WordSection1" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt;">-- </div></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in;"><div class="WordSection1" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 7.5pt;">George Cybenko, Dorothy and Walter Gramm Professor of Engineering</div></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in;"><div class="WordSection1" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 7.5pt;">Dartmouth College, 8000 Cummings Hall, Hanover NH 03755 USA</div></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in;"><div class="WordSection1" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 7.5pt;"> </div></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in;"><div class="WordSection1" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 7.5pt;">email: <span style="color: blue;"><a href="mailto:gvc@dartmouth.edu" target="_blank" data-outlook-id="b4646454-4efa-4135-9a9b-a78ddab1a86b" style="color: blue;"><u>gvc@dartmouth.edu</u></a></span></div></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in;"><div class="WordSection1" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 7.5pt;">FAX: 603 646-9024</div></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in;"><div class="WordSection1" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 7.5pt;">Cell: 603 369-1133</div></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in;"><div class="WordSection1" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 7.5pt;">Assistant: <span style="color: black;">Ellen Wirta, 603 646-9672, </span><span style="color: blue;"><a href="mailto:Ellen.K.Wirta@Dartmouth.edu" data-outlook-id="be8fa292-b8e8-4e15-97ea-490f0faeb7f6" style="color: blue;"><u>Ellen.K.Wirta@Dartmouth.edu</u></a></span></div></pre>
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