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An added historical note. The same activity that led to the Dartmouth meeting also led to the book</div>
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Shannon, C. E., & McCarthy, J. (1956). <i>Automata studies</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.</div>
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It contains classic papers on finite automata, Turing machines, and (on a more speculative note, with British authors) synthesis of automata. </div>
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Worth a look even now, but with a very different emphasis on GOFAI. I suppose Turing is the bridge.</div>
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<b>From:</b> Connectionists <connectionists-bounces@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu> on behalf of Stephen José Hanson <jose@rubic.rutgers.edu><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, August 19, 2026 7:24 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Terry Sejnowski <terry@snl.salk.edu>; director@inc.ucsd.edu <director@inc.ucsd.edu>; Fellous, Jean-Marc <jmfellous@UCSD.EDU>; connectionists@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu <connectionists@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: Connectionists: FW: AI@50 videos...</div>
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Yes, historically this was an important meeting --and indeed the term AI was coined by John McCarthy who with several others put together the 1955 meeting; McCarthy also invented LISP after this meeting. Part of the AI meeting at DM was political. </div>
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<p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;">Yes, historically this was an important meeting --and indeed the term AI was coined by John McCarthy who with several others put together the 1955 meeting; McCarthy also invented LISP after this meeting. Part
of the AI meeting at DM was political. McCarthy deliberately chose "Artificial Intelligence" partly to distance the new effort from Wiener's cybernetics and the neural network tradition. Which was thematic in the MACY meetings.. which ended in 1953--2 years
before the "AI" meeting. McCarthy wanted to stake out a separate field with a symbolic/logical emphasis (in contrast to McCulloch and Pitts). So the naming wasn't just descriptive; it was a bit of a territorial move that arguably sidelined neural networks
for decades until the connectionist revival in the 1980s (sorry Juergen). And the more recent revolution associated with DL and LLMs more specifically. In the 1970s, this fueled the long term debate in Cognitive Science on Symbols/Rules vs Vectors/NN.
</p>
<p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;">Well at least we know how that turned out.</p>
<p style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;">Stephen</p>
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<div>On 8/17/26 13:30, Terry Sejnowski wrote:</div>
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<div>Jean-Marc -<br>
<br>
I was there and gave a talk, the only one on neural networks. I learned a lot from the other speakers.<br>
<br>
I just listened to the questions at the end of my talk. I pretty much predicted what was going to happen in AI and thought it would take 50 years. I was wrong, it took less than 20 years.<br>
<br>
One of the questions at the end was about intelligent aliens who appear and don't have human brains.<br>
This was a set piece in my recent book on ChatGPT and the Future of AI, where ChatGPT is the alien.<br>
<br>
I gave my version of that meeting in my first book on the Deep Learning Revolution. Every talk that reported progress did so because they had enough data to analyze, including Gene Charniak who was trying to parse sentences and Takeo Kanade working on computer
vision (These two talks are not included in the list). At the end Marvin Minsky accused them for just working on applications, not real AI.<br>
<br>
Terry<br>
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------<br>
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<div>On 8/17/2026 9:18 AM, Fellous, Jean-Marc wrote:</div>
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<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: "Aptos", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">In case you did not see this: Some amazing lectures and (now historical) perspectives… the most interesting parts are when they tried and predicted the future of AI!</p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: "Aptos", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </p>
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<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: "Aptos", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><b>From:</b> Connectionists
</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: blue;"><a href="mailto:connectionists-bounces@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu" id="OWAc8493fec-c152-f36d-795b-8d7504446d20" class="x_moz-txt-link-rfc2396E OWAAutoLink" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><u><connectionists-bounces@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu></u></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">
<b>On Behalf Of </b>George Cybenko<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, August 17, 2026 6:00 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; color: blue;"><a href="mailto:connectionists@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu" id="OWAd69d574e-fe64-0450-270b-a2ac574b12e4" class="x_moz-txt-link-abbreviated x_moz-txt-link-freetext OWAAutoLink" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><u>connectionists@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu</u></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Connectionists: AI@50 videos...</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: "Aptos", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: "Aptos", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">In 2006, we held a 50th anniversary conference at Dartmouth to commemorate</p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: "Aptos", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">the historic 1956 meeting that coined the term "artificial intelligence." At that time,</p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: "Aptos", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">five of the surviving original participants attended. Today they are all gone.</p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: "Aptos", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: "Aptos", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">I just recently posted videos of the talks from the AI@50 meeting at</p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: "Aptos", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: "Aptos", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/sites.dartmouth.edu/cybenko/dartmouth-ai50-videos/__;!!Mih3wA!HX5M154b9l4fIHZdxakK00FZ4H1IPqVHrV_pC-lh-4XwoZ6CvDp7SyXZ-ObDk5oWYIct3ux47KDlf3KvyIoMq7VLCwxY0JhC$" id="OWA9db9bcac-aa9c-945d-21a3-aae6246c4583" class="OWAAutoLink" style="color: blue; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" originalsrc="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/sites.dartmouth.edu/cybenko/dartmouth-ai50-videos/__;!!Mih3wA!HX5M154b9l4fIHZdxakK00FZ4H1IPqVHrV_pC-lh-4XwoZ6CvDp7SyXZ-ObDk5oWYIct3ux47KDlf3KvyIoMq7VLCwxY0JhC$" data-auth="NotApplicable"><u>https://sites.dartmouth.edu/cybenko/dartmouth-ai50-videos/</u></a></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: "Aptos", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: "Aptos", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">INobody foresaw what is happening in AI today and in fact,</p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: "Aptos", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">there were several digs against neural networks etc. </p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: "Aptos", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: "Aptos", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Enjoy!</p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: "Aptos", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: "Aptos", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Regards</p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: "Aptos", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">George Cybenko</p>
<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt;">-- </div></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 7.5pt;">George Cybenko, Dorothy and Walter Gramm Professor of Engineering</div></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 7.5pt;">Dartmouth College, 8000 Cummings Hall, Hanover NH 03755 USA</div></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 7.5pt;"> </div></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 7.5pt;">email: <span style="color: blue;"><a href="mailto:gvc@dartmouth.edu" id="OWA880da97e-3c94-97d0-e846-eea44739866a" class="x_moz-txt-link-freetext OWAAutoLink" style="color: blue;"><u>gvc@dartmouth.edu</u></a></span></div></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 7.5pt;">FAX: 603 646-9024</div></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 7.5pt;">Cell: 603 369-1133</div></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 7.5pt;">Assistant: <span style="color: black;">Ellen Wirta, 603 646-9672, </span><span style="color: blue;"><a href="mailto:Ellen.K.Wirta@Dartmouth.edu" id="OWA71d337f9-e0d3-d56a-e004-01e33f121833" class="x_moz-txt-link-freetext OWAAutoLink" style="color: blue;"><u>Ellen.K.Wirta@Dartmouth.edu</u></a></span></div></pre>
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<div>--<br>
<img size="57659" data-outlook-trace="F:1|T:1" src="cid:part1.XnvX3hEx.pO10Zvgy@rubic.rutgers.edu"></div>
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