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<h1 align="center" style="text-align:center"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:windowtext;
mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Master 2 Research Internship + PhD
</span></i></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;background:white;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:FR"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;background:white;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:FR">Benoit
 Cottereau / Timothée Masquelier</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:FR;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Cerco
 laboratory (CNRS UMR 5549), Toulouse</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:FR;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">SV3M
 & NeuroAI Teams</span></p>
<br>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:18.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN">Modeling motion and depth processing in primate visual cortex using spiking neural networks</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:red;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:red;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR">Keywords:
</span></b><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR">Computational
 neurosciences, Vision, Artificial intelligence, Spatial perception, Depth/motion processing, Spiking neural networks.</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:5.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:red;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Type of positions:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
color:red;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">M2 internship, M2 internship followed by a PhD, or PhD directly.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:5.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:red;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Duration</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;color:red;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">:
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">5-6 months (M2) – 3 years (PhD).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:5.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:red;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Stipend</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;color:red;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">:
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:FR">Standard French
 salaries</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> (~650€/month for the M2 and ~2130€/month gross for the PhD).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:5.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:red;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Starting date</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:red;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">:
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">early 2025.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:red">Place</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:red">:
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial">Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition (CERCO), UMR 5549 (CNRS – Univ Toulouse 3), Pavillon Baudot CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:5.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-fareast-language:FR"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:red;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR">Supervisors:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:red;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR">
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR">Benoit Cottereau,
 research director at CNRS (CerCo & IPAL, contact: </span><a href="mailto:benoit.cottereau@cnrs.fr"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:
Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
mso-fareast-language:FR">benoit.cottereau@cnrs.fr</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR">)
 and Timothée Masquelier, research director at CNRS (CerCo, contact: </span><a href="mailto:timothee.masquelier@cnrs.fr"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:
Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
mso-fareast-language:FR">timothee.masquelier@cnrs.fr</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR">)
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language:
EN">In primates, neuronal processing of visual information occurs within two main pathways. The ventral pathway (or ‘what’ pathway) underlies cognitive functions such
 as faces or object recognition whereas the dorsal pathway (or ‘where’ pathway) allows visually guided actions such as navigation or manipulation of objects. In recent years, numerous studies in computational neurosciences used deep neural networks to model
 neuronal processing within the ventral pathway. Much less is known about treatments carried out along the dorsal pathway.
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;background:white;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR">This multidisciplinary
 project at the interface between AI, computational neurosciences and biological vision aims at modelling motion and depth processing along the dorsal pathway of the primate visual system. In order to reproduce the very low energy consumption of the primate
 brain, the developed models will be based on spiking-neural networks (SNNs) and will process data collected from event-based cameras .</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN">
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-no-proof:
yes"><br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language:
EN">We will be particularly interested in the processing of higher-level forms of motion (optic flow, motion-in-depth, biological motion). The responses of the neural
 networks after (supervised or unsupervised) training will be compared to biological data from the literature (for example with electrophysiological data recorded in non-human primates, see for example Duffy and Wurtz, 1991) or acquired in the CerCo laboratory.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
mso-color-alt:windowtext;background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
FR">The
 candidates should be willing to work in an international environment which involves Singapore and France, have a very good level in English (French is not mandatory),
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext;background:
white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR">excellent mathematical and programming skills (in
 particular in Python) and a keen interest in the brain.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext;background:
white;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:FR">Experience with deep learning libraries (e.g. PyTorch)
 is desirable.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
FR"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:FR"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR">The
 research will mainly take place in Toulouse, a student city (Toulouse is the second university hub in France) with high quality of life located in the south west of France (close to the Pyrenees, the Mediterranean Sea and the Spanish border). Long-term stays
 in Singapore (a multicultural and attractive city of south-east Asia) are also planned.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR">Applications
 should be sent to </span><a href="mailto:benoit.cottereau@cnrs.fr"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA">benoit.cottereau@cnrs.fr</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:JA">
 and </span><a href="mailto:timothee.masquelier@cnrs.fr"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;background:white;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR">timothee.masquelier@cnrs.fr</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:FR"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-fareast-language:FR">References:
</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;color:black;
background:white;mso-fareast-language:FR"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt">
<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:FR">- Cuadrado, J., Rançon, U., Cottereau, B. R., Barranco, F., & Masquelier,
 T. (2023). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:FR">Optical flow
 estimation from event-based cameras and spiking neural networks. <i>Frontiers in Neuroscience</i>,
<i>17</i>, 1160034.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:FR">- Duffy, C. J., & Wurtz, R. H. (1991).
 Sensitivity of MST neurons to optic flow stimuli. II. Mechanisms of response selectivity revealed by small-field stimuli.
<i>Journal of neurophysiology</i>, <i>65</i>(6), 1346-1359.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:FR">- Rançon, U., Cuadrado-Anibarro,
 J., Cottereau, B. R., & Masquelier, T. (2022). Stereospike: Depth learning with a spiking neural network.
</span><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-language:FR">IEEE Access</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-language:
FR">,
<i>10</i>, 127428-127439.</span></p>
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<div style="margin:0"><font face="Calibri,sans-serif,serif,EmojiFont" size="2" color="black"><span lang="en-US" style="font-size:11pt">Benoit R. Cottereau, PhD, HDR, CNRS Research director (DR2) </span></font></div>
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<div style="margin:0"><font face="Calibri,sans-serif,serif,EmojiFont" size="2" color="black"><span lang="en-US" style="font-size:11pt">at IPAL (IRL 2955, Singapore) and CerCo (UMR 5549, Toulouse) laboratories,</span></font></div>
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<div style="margin:0"><font face="Calibri,sans-serif,serif,EmojiFont" size="2" color="black"><span lang="en-US" style="font-size:11pt">Adjunct associate professor in computer science at the National University of Singapore (NUS), </span></font></div>
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<div style="margin:0"><font face="Calibri,sans-serif,serif,EmojiFont" size="2" color="black"><span lang="en-US" style="font-size:11pt">Director of the CerCo SV3M team (Spatial Vision in Man, Monkey and Machine):</span></font></div>
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<div style="margin:0"><font face="Calibri,sans-serif,serif,EmojiFont" size="2" color="black"><span lang="en-US" style="font-size:11pt">Supervisor of the Integrative Neurosciences master program of Toulouse III University</span></font></div>
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