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<div class="elementToProof"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dear Andrzej, Juergen et al.,</span></div>
<div class="elementToProof"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br>
</span></div>
<div class="elementToProof"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">While other approaches to AI than Deep Learning are being discussed, I would like to mention neural
network models of attention, learning, classification, and prediction, as well as of perception, cognition, emotion, and goal-oriented action, that could profitably be considered part of modern AI.</span></div>
<div class="elementToProof"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br>
</span></div>
<div class="elementToProof"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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<div class="x_x_x_elementToProof" style="font-size:15px;margin:0px;color:rgb(36, 36, 36);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">
<span style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">
<div class="x_x_x_x_elementToProof" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">
<div class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white">My
Magnum Opus about how our brains make our minds:</span><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"></span></p>
<div style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"> </span></p>
</div>
<div style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<b><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black">Conscious MIND, Resonant
BRAIN: How Each Brain Makes a Mind</span></b><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<b><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"><br>
</span></b></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<b><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Conscious-Mind-Resonant-Brain-Makes/dp/0190070552" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-auth="NotApplicable" data-linkindex="0" data-safelink="true" class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0 ContentPasted1" style="font-weight:400;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:blue;text-decoration:underline" id="LPlnk624444">https://www.amazon.com/Conscious-Mind-Resonant-Brain-Makes/dp/0190070552</a><br>
</span></b></p>
</div>
<div style="font-size:15px;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">
<div style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"> </span></p>
</div>
<div style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black">provides a self-contained
overview of many of these contributions.</span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"><br>
</span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black">I am happy and honored
to report that the book </span><span class="ContentPasted3" style="text-align: justify; color: black; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">has won the
<b>2022 PROSE book award in Neuroscience from the Association of American Publishers</b>.</span><o:p class="ContentPasted3" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify; font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </o:p></p>
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<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"> </span></p>
</div>
<div style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black">Among other things,
the book explains<span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px"> </span><b class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">how, where in our brains, and why from a deep
computational perspective, we can consciously see, hear, feel, and know things about the world</b>, and use these conscious representations to effectively plan and act to acquire valued goals. </span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"><br class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">
</span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black">These results hereby <span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background:white">offer
a rigorous solution of the classical<span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px"> </span><b class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">mind-body problem</b>.</span></span></p>
</div>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI", sans-serif;margin:0px"> </span></p>
<div style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white">More
generally, the book provides a self-contained and non-technical synthesis of many of the processes whereby our brains make our minds</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">, in both health and disease.</span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span style="margin:0px"></span></p>
</div>
<div style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"> </span><span style="margin:0px"></span></p>
</div>
<div style="margin:0px">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal elementToProof" style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white">These
neural models equally well can be combined to design<span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px"> </span><b class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">autonomous
adaptive intelligence<span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px"> </span></b>into<b class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0"> </b>algorithms and mobile robots
for engineering, technology, and AI, and many of them have already found their way into large-scale applications, notably applications that require
<b>fast incremental learning and prediction of non-stationary databases</b>.</span><span style="margin:0px"></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:11pt;background:white">
<span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><br class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">
</span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;background:white">
<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:24px;margin:0px">The book shows that<span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px"> </span><b class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">Adaptive
Resonance Theory</b>, or ART, </span></font><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black">is
the currently<span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px"> </span><b class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">most advanced cognitive and neural theory that
explains how humans learn to attend, recognize, and predict objects and events in a changing world that is filled with unexpected events.</b> </span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"><br>
</span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important" class="FluidPluginCopy ContentPasted2">ART
overcomes serious foundational problems of back propagation and Deep Learning, including the fact that they are <b>unreliable
</b>(because they can experience catastrophic forgetting) and <b>untrustworthy </b>(because they are not explainable). </span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important" class="FluidPluginCopy ContentPasted2"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important" class="FluidPluginCopy ContentPasted2">In
particular, even if Deep Learning makes a successful prediction in one situation, one does not know why it did so, and cannot depend upon it making a successful prediction in related situations. It should therefore never be used in applications with life-or-death
consequences, such as medical and financial applications.</span><br>
</span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important" class="FluidPluginCopy ContentPasted2"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important" class="FluidPluginCopy ContentPasted2">Why
should anyone believe in ART? There are several kinds of reasons:</span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"> </span><br class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">
</p>
</div>
<div style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px">
<div style="margin:0px">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span style="margin:0px"></span></p>
</div>
<div style="margin:0px">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white">All
the foundational hypotheses of ART have been supported by subsequent psychological and neurobiological experiments. </span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><br class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">
</span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white">ART
has also provided principled and unifying explanations and predictions of hundreds of other experimental facts.</span><span style="margin:0px"></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><br>
</span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"></span></p>
</div>
<div style="margin:0px">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">ART
can, moreover, be derived from a</span><span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;"> <b>THOUGHT EXPERIMENT</b></span><b class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit;"><span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0"> </span></b></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">about</span><span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><b class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit;"><span style="font-style: inherit;">how</span><i class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-style: inherit;"> </i><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="">ANY </span><span style="font-style: inherit;">system
can learn to autonomously correct predictive errors in a changing world</span></b><span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;">that
is filled with unexpected events.</span></p>
</div>
<div style="margin:0px">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span style="margin:0px"></span></p>
</div>
<div style="margin:0px">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"> </span><span style="margin:0px"></span></p>
</div>
<div style="margin:0px">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white">The
hypotheses on which this thought experiment is based are familiar facts that we all know about from daily life. They are familiar because they represent
<b>ubiquitous evolutionary pressures on the evolution of our brains</b>. When a few such familiar facts are applied together,
<b>these mutual constraints lead uniquely to ART</b>.</span><span style="margin:0px"></span></p>
</div>
<div style="margin:0px">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"> </span><span style="margin:0px"></span></p>
</div>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white">Nowhere
during the thought experiment are the words mind or brain mentioned. </span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><br class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">
</span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white">ART
hereby proposes a<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0"><i> </i><span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style=""><b>UNIVERSAL</b></span><b class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-style: italic;"> </b></span><b class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">class
of solutions of the problem of autonomous error correction and prediction<span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px"> </span></b>in a changing world that is filled with unexpected events.</span><span style="margin:0px"></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><br class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">
</span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white">The
<b>CogEM</b> (Cognitive-Emotional-Motor) model of<span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px"> </span><b class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">how cognition
and emotion interact</b><span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px"> </span>can also be derived from a thought experiment. CogEM proposes explanations of many data about cognitive-emotional interactions. </span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><br class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">
</span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white">Combining
ART and CogEM shows <b>how knowledge and value-based costs can be combined</b> to focus attention upon knowledge and actions that have a high probability of realizing valued goals.</span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><span class="x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><span class="x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important">Remarkably,
the combination of ART and CogEM also leads to the results on consciousness, because they naturally emerge from an analysis of
<b>how we can quickly LEARN about a changing world without experiencing catastrophic forgetting</b>. I have called this a solution of the
<b>stability-plasticity dilemma</b>; namely how we learn quickly (plasticity) without experiencing catastrophic forgetting (stability).</span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><span class="x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><span class="x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important">Back
propagation and Deep Learning cannot solve any of these problems. One reason is that they are defined by a
<b>feedforward adaptive filter</b>. They include no cell activations, or short-term memory (STM) traces, and no top-down learning and attentive matching.</span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><span class="x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><span class="x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important">In
contrast, a good enough match of an ART learned top-down expectation with a bottom-up feature pattern triggers
<b>a bottom-up and top-down resonance that chooses and focuses attention upon the CRITICAL FEATURE PATTERNS that are sufficient to predict valued outcomes, while suppressing predictively irrelevant features.
</b>These critical features are the ones that are learned by bottom-up adaptive filters and top-down expectations. </span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><span class="x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><span class="x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important">The
selectivity of attention and learning is how the stability-plasticity dilemma is solved.</span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><span class="x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><span class="x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important">The
learned top-down expectations obey the<b> ART Matching Rule</b>. They are embodied by a<b> top-down, modulatory on-center, off-surround network whose cells obey mass action, or shunting, laws</b>. These laws model the membrane equations of neurophysiology.</span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><span class="x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><span class="x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important">The
ART Matching Rule has been supported by psychological, anatomical, neurophysiological, biophysical, and even biochemical data in multiple species, including bats.</span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><span class="x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><span class="x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important">The
above resonance is called a <b>feature-category resonance</b>. My book summarizes six different resonances, with different functions, that occur in different parts of our brains:</span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><span class="x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><span class="x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline FluidPluginCopy ContentPasted4">
</span></span></p>
<table class="x_FluidPluginCopy FluidPluginCopy" style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);border-collapse:collapse">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-color:rgb(101, 101, 101);background-color:rgb(0, 161, 196)">
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:2.47mm;line-height:27.6px;background:transparent">
<span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">T</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">Y</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">P</span><span class="x_s10 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">E</span><span class="x_s11 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">O</span><span class="x_s10 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">F</span><span class="x_s11 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">R</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">E</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">S</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">O</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">N</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">A</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">N</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">C</span><span class="x_s10 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">E</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right:1px solid rgb(101, 101, 101);border-bottom:1px solid rgb(101, 101, 101);border-left:1px solid rgb(101, 101, 101);background-color:rgb(0, 161, 196)">
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:2.47mm;line-height:27.6px;background:transparent">
<span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">T</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">Y</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">P</span><span class="x_s10 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">E</span><span class="x_s11 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">O</span><span class="x_s10 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">F</span><span class="x_s11 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">C</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">O</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">N</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">S</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">C</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">I</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">O</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">U</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">S</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">N</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">E</span><span class="x_s9 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">S</span><span class="x_s10 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">S</span></p>
</td>
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<tr>
<td>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:2.47mm;line-height:27.6px;background:transparent">
<span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">s</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">u</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">f</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">a</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">c</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">-</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">s</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">h</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">u</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">d</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:2.47mm;line-height:27.6px;background:transparent">
<span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">s</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">v</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">i</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">s</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">u</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">a</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">l</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">b</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">j</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">c</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">s</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">c</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">n</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span></p>
</td>
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<tr>
<td>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:2.47mm;line-height:27.6px;background:transparent">
<span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">f</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">a</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">u</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">-</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">c</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">a</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">g</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">y</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:2.47mm;line-height:27.6px;background:transparent">
<span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">c</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">g</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">n</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">i</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">z</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">v</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">i</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">s</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">u</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">a</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">l</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">b</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">j</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">c</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">s</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">c</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">n</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span></p>
</td>
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<td>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:2.47mm;line-height:27.6px;background:transparent">
<span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">s</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">a</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">m</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">-</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">s</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">h</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">u</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">d</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:2.47mm;line-height:27.6px;background:transparent">
<span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">h</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">a</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">a</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">u</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">d</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">i</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">y</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">b</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">j</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">c</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">s</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">a</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">m</span></p>
</td>
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<td>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:2.47mm;line-height:27.6px;background:transparent">
<span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">s</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">p</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">c</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">a</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">l</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">-</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">p</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">i</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">c</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">h</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">-</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">a</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">n</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">d</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">-</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">i</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">m</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">b</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:2.47mm;line-height:27.6px;background:transparent">
<span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">c</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">g</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">n</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">i</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">z</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">a</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">u</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">d</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">i</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">y</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">b</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">j</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">c</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">s</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">a</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">m</span></p>
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<td>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:2.47mm;line-height:27.6px;background:transparent">
<span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">i</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">m</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">-</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">l</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">i</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">s</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span></p>
</td>
<td>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:2.47mm;line-height:27.6px;background:transparent">
<span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">c</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">g</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">n</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">i</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">z</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">s</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">p</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">c</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">h</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">a</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">n</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">d</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">l</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">a</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">n</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">g</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">u</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">a</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">g</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span></p>
</td>
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<td>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:2.47mm;line-height:27.6px;background:transparent">
<span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">c</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">g</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">n</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">i</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">i</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">v</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">-</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">m</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">i</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">n</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">a</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">l</span></p>
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<td style="border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-color:rgb(101, 101, 101);background-color:rgb(233, 247, 250)">
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:2.47mm;line-height:27.6px;background:transparent">
<span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">f</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">l</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">m</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">i</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">n</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">a</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">n</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">d</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">k</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">n</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">w</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">i</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">t</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">s</span><span class="x_s16 x_ContentPasted0" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Helvetica, serif, EmojiFont;margin:0px"><span class="ContentPasted4"> </span></span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">s</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">o</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">u</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">r</span><span class="x_s14 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">c</span><span class="x_s15 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted4" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:8.5pt;margin:0px">e</span></p>
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<br class="Apple-interchange-newline FluidPluginCopy ContentPasted4">
As the above Table suggests, the book also summarizes many results about <b>speech and language learning, cognitive planning, and performance</b>, notably the role of the
<b>prefrontal cortex </b>in choosing, storing, learning, and controlling the <b>event sequences</b> that provide
<b>predictive contexts</b> for realizing many of the higher-order processes that together realize human intelligence.
<p></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><span class="x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black;background:white"><span class="x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important">When
we compare AI with National Intelligence (NI), we might also hope that NI will shed some light on deeper aspects of the<b> human condition</b>. To this end, the book summarizes the following kinds of results:</span></span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"><br class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">
</span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black">The models clarify how normal brain dynamics can break down in specific and testable ways to cause<span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px"> </span></span><b class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:18pt">behavioral
symptoms of multiple mental disorders</b><span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black">, including Alzheimer's disease, autism, amnesia, schizophrenia,
PTSD, ADHD, visual and auditory agnosia and neglect, and disorders of slow-wave sleep.</span><br class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">
</p>
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<div style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span style="margin:0px"></span></p>
</div>
<div style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"> </span><span style="margin:0px"></span></p>
</div>
<div style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black">Its exposition of how
our brains consciously see enable the book to explain how many<span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px"> </span><b class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">visual
artists</b>, including Matisse, Monet, and Seurat, as well as the Impressionists and Fauvists in general, achieved the aesthetic effects in their paintings and how humans consciously see these paintings.</span><span style="margin:0px"></span></p>
</div>
<div style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"> </span><span style="margin:0px"></span></p>
</div>
<div style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px">
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black">The book goes beyond
such purely scientific topics to clarify how our brains support such vital human qualities as<span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px"> </span><b class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">creativity,
morality, and religion</b>, and how so many people can persist in<span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px"> </span><b class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">superstitious,
irrational, and self-defeating behaviors</b><span class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px"> </span>in certain social environments.</span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"><br class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">
</span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black">Many other topics are
discussed in the book's Preface and 17 chapters:</span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"><br class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">
</span></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_xxxmsonormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;background:white">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted2" style="font-size:18pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;margin:0px;color:black"><a href="https://academic.oup.com/book/40038" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-auth="NotApplicable" data-safelink="true" data-linkindex="1" class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;color:blue;text-decoration:underline">https://academic.oup.com/book/40038</a><br class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">
</span></p>
<div class="x_x_x_x__Entity x_x_x_x__EType_OWALinkPreview x_x_x_x__EId_OWALinkPreview x_x_x_x__EReadonly_1" style="margin:0px">
</div>
<br class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0">
</div>
</div>
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<div class="x_x_x_x_elementToProof" style="margin:0px">
<div class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px">
<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_elementToProof x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy FluidPluginCopy" style="font-size:15px;margin:0px;color:rgb(36, 36, 36);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy" style="margin:0px"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted3 x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted5" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important">That
makes the book a flexible resource in many kinds of courses and seminars, as some of its reviewers have noted.</span><br class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted5">
</span></span></span></span>
<div class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_elementToProof x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy FluidPluginCopy" style="font-size:15px;margin:0px;color:rgb(36, 36, 36);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">
<span style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy" style="margin:0px"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><br class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted5">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_elementToProof x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy FluidPluginCopy" style="font-size:15px;margin:0px;color:rgb(36, 36, 36);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">
<span style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy" style="margin:0px"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">In
case the above comments may interest some of you in learning more, let me add that </span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 18pt;">I wrote the book to be self-contained and non-technical in a conversational style so that even people
who know no science can enjoy reading parts of it, no less than students and researchers in multiple disciplines.</span></div>
<div class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_elementToProof x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy FluidPluginCopy" style="font-size:15px;margin:0px;color:rgb(36, 36, 36);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">
<span style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy" style="margin:0px"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted2 x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><br class="x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted5">
</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_elementToProof x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy FluidPluginCopy" style="font-size:15px;margin:0px;color:rgb(36, 36, 36);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">
<span style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy" style="margin:0px"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted6 x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted2 x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted5" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important">In
fact, friends of mine who know no science have been reading it, including a rabbi, pastor, visual artist, gallery owner, social worker, and lawyer.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_elementToProof x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy FluidPluginCopy" style="font-size:15px;margin:0px;color:rgb(36, 36, 36);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">
<span style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy" style="margin:0px"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted6 x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted2 x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><br class="x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted5">
</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_elementToProof x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy FluidPluginCopy" style="font-size:15px;margin:0px;color:rgb(36, 36, 36);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">
<span style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy" style="margin:0px"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted6 x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted2 x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted5" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important">I
also priced it to be affordable. G<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_elementToProof x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy" style="font-size:15px;margin:0px;color:rgb(36, 36, 36);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted2 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted5" style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">iven
that it is an almost 800 double-column page book with over 600 color figures, the book could have cost well over $100 dollars. Instead,<b> the book costs around $33 for the hard copy and around $19 for the Kindle version</b> because I subsidized the cost with
thousands of dollars of my personal funds.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy" style="margin:0px"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted6 x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted2 x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_elementToProof x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy" style="font-size:15px;margin:0px;color:rgb(36, 36, 36);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted2 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted5" style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">I
did that so that faculty and students who might want to read it could afford to do so.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_elementToProof x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy FluidPluginCopy" style="font-size:15px;margin:0px;color:rgb(36, 36, 36);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy" style="margin:0px"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted6 x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted2 x_x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);display:inline !important"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_x_elementToProof x_x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy" style="font-size:15px;margin:0px;color:rgb(36, 36, 36);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted2 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_x_x_x_elementToProof x_x_x_x_x_FluidPluginCopy x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_x_x_ContentPasted1 x_x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_x_ContentPasted0 x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted5" style="margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">For
people who want all the bells and whistles of this line of work up to the present time, there are videos of several of my keynote lectures and around 560 downloadable archival articles on my web page sites.bu.edu/steveg .</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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If any of you do read parts of the book or research articles, please feel free to send along any comments or questions that may arise when you do.</div>
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Best wishes to all in the New Year,</div>
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<div class="elementToProof"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span class="x_x_elementToProof x_FluidPluginCopy FluidPluginCopy" style="margin:0px"><span style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_x_elementToProof" style="font-size:15px;margin:0px;color:rgb(36, 36, 36);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)"><span class="x_x_ContentPasted0 x_ContentPasted0 ContentPasted0" style="font-size:18pt;margin:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255)">Steve </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Connectionists <connectionists-bounces@mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu> on behalf of Andrzej Wichert <andreas.wichert@tecnico.ulisboa.pt><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, January 16, 2023 4:35 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Schmidhuber Juergen <juergen@idsia.ch><br>
<b>Cc:</b> connectionists@cs.cmu.edu <connectionists@cs.cmu.edu><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: Connectionists: Annotated History of Modern AI and Deep Learning</font>
<div> </div>
</div>
<div class="BodyFragment"><font size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt">
<div class="PlainText">Dear Jurgen,<br>
<br>
Again, you missed symbolical AI in your description, names like Douglas Hofstadter. Many of today’s application are driven by symbol manipulation, like diagnostic systems, route planing (GPS navigation), time table planing, object oriented programming symbolic
integration and solutions of equations (Mathematica). <br>
What are the DL applications today in the industry besides some nice demos?<br>
<br>
You do not indicate open problems in DL. DL is is highly biologically implausible (back propagation, LSTM), requires a lot of energy (computing power) requires a huge training sets. The black art approach of DL, the failure of self driving cars, the question
why does a deep NN give better results than shallow NN? Maybe the biggest mistake was to replace the biological motivated algorithm of Neocognitron by back propagation without understanding what a Neocognitron is doing. Neocognitron performs invariant pattern
recognition, a CNN does not. Transformers are biologically implausible and resulted from an engineering requirement.<br>
<br>
My point is that when is was a student, I wanted to do a master thesis in NN in the late eighties, and I was told that NN do not belong to AI (not even to computer science). Today if a student comes and asks that he wants to investigate problem solving by production
systems, or a biologically motivated ML he will be told that this is not AI since according to you (the title of your review) AI is today DL. In my view, DL stops the progress in AI and NN in the same way LSIP and Prolog did in the eighties.<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
<br>
Andrzej<br>
<br>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
Prof. Auxiliar Andreas Wichert <br>
<br>
<a href="http://web.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/andreas.wichert/" data-auth="NotApplicable">http://web.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/andreas.wichert/</a><br>
-<br>
<a href="https://www.amazon.com/author/andreaswichert" data-auth="NotApplicable">https://www.amazon.com/author/andreaswichert</a><br>
<br>
Instituto Superior Técnico - Universidade de Lisboa<br>
Campus IST-Taguspark <br>
Avenida Professor Cavaco Silva Phone: +351 214233231<br>
2744-016 Porto Salvo, Portugal<br>
<br>
> On 15 Jan 2023, at 21:04, Schmidhuber Juergen <juergen@idsia.ch> wrote:<br>
> <br>
> Thanks for these thoughts, Gary! <br>
> <br>
> 1. Well, the survey is about the roots of “modern AI” (as opposed to all of AI) which is mostly driven by “deep learning.” Hence the focus on the latter and the URL "deep-learning-history.html.” On the other hand, many of the most famous modern AI applications
actually combine deep learning and other cited techniques (more on this below).<br>
> <br>
> Any problem of computer science can be formulated in the general reinforcement learning (RL) framework, and the survey points to ancient relevant techniques for search & planning, now often combined with NNs:<br>
> <br>
> "Certain RL problems can be addressed through non-neural techniques invented long before the 1980s: Monte Carlo (tree) search (MC, 1949) [MOC1-5], dynamic programming (DP, 1953) [BEL53], artificial evolution (1954) [EVO1-7][TUR1] (unpublished), alpha-beta-pruning
(1959) [S59], control theory and system identification (1950s) [KAL59][GLA85], stochastic gradient descent (SGD, 1951) [STO51-52], and universal search techniques (1973) [AIT7].<br>
> <br>
> Deep FNNs and RNNs, however, are useful tools for _improving_ certain types of RL. In the 1980s, concepts of function approximation and NNs were combined with system identification [WER87-89][MUN87][NGU89], DP and its online variant called Temporal Differences
[TD1-3], artificial evolution [EVONN1-3] and policy gradients [GD1][PG1-3]. Many additional references on this can be found in Sec. 6 of the 2015 survey [DL1].
<br>
> <br>
> When there is a Markovian interface [PLAN3] to the environment such that the current input to the RL machine conveys all the information required to determine a next optimal action, RL with DP/TD/MC-based FNNs can be very successful, as shown in 1994 [TD2]
(master-level backgammon player) and the 2010s [DM1-2a] (superhuman players for Go, chess, and other games). For more complex cases without Markovian interfaces, …”<br>
> <br>
> Theoretically optimal planners/problem solvers based on algorithmic information theory are mentioned in Sec. 19.<br>
> <br>
> 2. Here a few relevant paragraphs from the intro:<br>
> <br>
> "A history of AI written in the 1980s would have emphasized topics such as theorem proving [GOD][GOD34][ZU48][NS56], logic programming, expert systems, and heuristic search [FEI63,83][LEN83]. This would be in line with topics of a 1956 conference in Dartmouth,
where the term "AI" was coined by John McCarthy as a way of describing an old area of research seeing renewed interest.
<br>
> <br>
> Practical AI dates back at least to 1914, when Leonardo Torres y Quevedo built the first working chess end game player [BRU1-4] (back then chess was considered as an activity restricted to the realms of intelligent creatures). AI theory dates back at least
to 1931-34 when Kurt Gödel identified fundamental limits of any type of computation-based AI [GOD][BIB3][GOD21,a,b].<br>
> <br>
> A history of AI written in the early 2000s would have put more emphasis on topics such as support vector machines and kernel methods [SVM1-4], Bayesian (actually Laplacian or possibly Saundersonian [STI83-85]) reasoning [BAY1-8][FI22] and other concepts of
probability theory and statistics [MM1-5][NIL98][RUS95], decision trees, e.g. [MIT97], ensemble methods [ENS1-4], swarm intelligence [SW1], and evolutionary computation [EVO1-7][TUR1]. Why? Because back then such techniques drove many successful AI applications.<br>
> <br>
> A history of AI written in the 2020s must emphasize concepts such as the even older chain rule [LEI07] and deep nonlinear artificial neural networks (NNs) trained by gradient descent [GD’], in particular, feedback-based recurrent networks, which are general
computers whose programs are weight matrices [AC90]. Why? Because many of the most famous and most commercial recent AI applications depend on them [DL4]."<br>
> <br>
> 3. Regarding the future, you mentioned your hunch on neurosymbolic integration. While the survey speculates a bit about the future, it also says: "But who knows what kind of AI history will prevail 20 years from now?”
<br>
> <br>
> Juergen<br>
> <br>
> <br>
>> On 14. Jan 2023, at 15:04, Gary Marcus <gary.marcus@nyu.edu> wrote:<br>
>> <br>
>> Dear Juergen,<br>
>> <br>
>> You have made a good case that the history of deep learning is often misrepresented. But, by parity of reasoning, a few pointers to a tiny fraction of the work done in symbolic AI does not in any way make this a thorough and balanced exercise with respect
to the field as a whole.<br>
>> <br>
>> I am 100% with Andrzej Wichert, in thinking that vast areas of AI such as planning, reasoning, natural language understanding, robotics and knowledge representation are treated very superficially here. A few pointers to theorem proving and the like does
not solve that. <br>
>> <br>
>> Your essay is a fine if opinionated history of deep learning, with a special emphasis on your own work, but of somewhat limited value beyond a few terse references in explicating other approaches to AI. This would be ok if the title and aspiration didn’t
aim for as a whole; if you really want the paper to reflect the field as a whole, and the ambitions of the title, you have more work to do.
<br>
>> <br>
>> My own hunch is that in a decade, maybe much sooner, a major emphasis of the field will be on neurosymbolic integration. Your own startup is heading in that direction, and the commericial desire to make LLMs reliable and truthful will also push in that direction.
<br>
>> Historians looking back on this paper will see too little about that roots of that trend documented here.<br>
>> <br>
>> Gary <br>
>> <br>
>>> On Jan 14, 2023, at 12:42 AM, Schmidhuber Juergen <juergen@idsia.ch> wrote:<br>
>>> <br>
>>> Dear Andrzej, thanks, but come on, the report cites lots of “symbolic” AI from theorem proving (e.g., Zuse 1948) to later surveys of expert systems and “traditional" AI. Note that Sec. 18 and Sec. 19 go back even much further in time (not even speaking
of Sec. 20). The survey also explains why AI histories written in the 1980s/2000s/2020s differ. Here again the table of contents:<br>
>>> <br>
>>> Sec. 1: Introduction<br>
>>> Sec. 2: 1676: The Chain Rule For Backward Credit Assignment<br>
>>> Sec. 3: Circa 1800: First Neural Net (NN) / Linear Regression / Shallow Learning<br>
>>> Sec. 4: 1920-1925: First Recurrent NN (RNN) Architecture. ~1972: First Learning RNNs<br>
>>> Sec. 5: 1958: Multilayer Feedforward NN (without Deep Learning)<br>
>>> Sec. 6: 1965: First Deep Learning<br>
>>> Sec. 7: 1967-68: Deep Learning by Stochastic Gradient Descent <br>
>>> Sec. 8: 1970: Backpropagation. 1982: For NNs. 1960: Precursor. <br>
>>> Sec. 9: 1979: First Deep Convolutional NN (1969: Rectified Linear Units) <br>
>>> Sec. 10: 1980s-90s: Graph NNs / Stochastic Delta Rule (Dropout) / More RNNs / Etc<br>
>>> Sec. 11: Feb 1990: Generative Adversarial Networks / Artificial Curiosity / NN Online Planners<br>
>>> Sec. 12: April 1990: NNs Learn to Generate Subgoals / Work on Command <br>
>>> Sec. 13: March 1991: NNs Learn to Program NNs. Transformers with Linearized Self-Attention<br>
>>> Sec. 14: April 1991: Deep Learning by Self-Supervised Pre-Training. Distilling NNs<br>
>>> Sec. 15: June 1991: Fundamental Deep Learning Problem: Vanishing/Exploding Gradients<br>
>>> Sec. 16: June 1991: Roots of Long Short-Term Memory / Highway Nets / ResNets<br>
>>> Sec. 17: 1980s-: NNs for Learning to Act Without a Teacher <br>
>>> Sec. 18: It's the Hardware, Stupid!<br>
>>> Sec. 19: But Don't Neglect the Theory of AI (Since 1931) and Computer Science<br>
>>> Sec. 20: The Broader Historic Context from Big Bang to Far Future<br>
>>> Sec. 21: Acknowledgments<br>
>>> Sec. 22: 555+ Partially Annotated References (many more in the award-winning survey [DL1])<br>
>>> <br>
>>> Tweet: <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__twitter.com_SchmidhuberAI_status_1606333832956973060-3Fcxt-3DHHwWiMC8gYiH7MosAAAA&d=DwIDaQ&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=wQR1NePCSj6dOGDD0r6B5Kn1fcNaTMg7tARe7TdEDqQ&m=oGn-OID5YOewbgo3j_HjFjI3I2N3hx-w0hoIfLR_JJsn8q5UZDYAl5HOHPY-87N5&s=nWCXLKazOjmixYrJVR0CMlR12PasGbAd8bsS6VZ10bk&e=" data-auth="NotApplicable">
https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__twitter.com_SchmidhuberAI_status_1606333832956973060-3Fcxt-3DHHwWiMC8gYiH7MosAAAA&d=DwIDaQ&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=wQR1NePCSj6dOGDD0r6B5Kn1fcNaTMg7tARe7TdEDqQ&m=oGn-OID5YOewbgo3j_HjFjI3I2N3hx-w0hoIfLR_JJsn8q5UZDYAl5HOHPY-87N5&s=nWCXLKazOjmixYrJVR0CMlR12PasGbAd8bsS6VZ10bk&e=</a>
<br>
>>> <br>
>>> Jürgen<br>
>>> <br>
>>> <br>
>>> <br>
>>> <br>
>>> <br>
>>>> On 13. Jan 2023, at 14:40, Andrzej Wichert <andreas.wichert@tecnico.ulisboa.pt> wrote:<br>
>>>> Dear Juergen,<br>
>>>> You make the same mistake at it was done in the earlier 1970. You identify deep learning with modern AI, the paper should be called instead "Annotated History of Deep Learning”<br>
>>>> Otherwise, you ignore symbolical AI, like search, production systems, knowledge representation, search, planning etc., as if is not part of AI anymore (suggested by your title).<br>
>>>> Best,<br>
>>>> Andreas<br>
>>>> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
>>>> Prof. Auxiliar Andreas Wichert <br>
>>>> <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__web.tecnico.ulisboa.pt_andreas.wichert_&d=DwIDaQ&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=wQR1NePCSj6dOGDD0r6B5Kn1fcNaTMg7tARe7TdEDqQ&m=oGn-OID5YOewbgo3j_HjFjI3I2N3hx-w0hoIfLR_JJsn8q5UZDYAl5HOHPY-87N5&s=h5Zy9Hk2IoWPt7me1mLhcYHEuJ55mmNOAppZKcivxAk&e=" data-auth="NotApplicable">
https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__web.tecnico.ulisboa.pt_andreas.wichert_&d=DwIDaQ&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=wQR1NePCSj6dOGDD0r6B5Kn1fcNaTMg7tARe7TdEDqQ&m=oGn-OID5YOewbgo3j_HjFjI3I2N3hx-w0hoIfLR_JJsn8q5UZDYAl5HOHPY-87N5&s=h5Zy9Hk2IoWPt7me1mLhcYHEuJ55mmNOAppZKcivxAk&e=</a><br>
>>>> -<br>
>>>> <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.amazon.com_author_andreaswichert&d=DwIDaQ&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=wQR1NePCSj6dOGDD0r6B5Kn1fcNaTMg7tARe7TdEDqQ&m=oGn-OID5YOewbgo3j_HjFjI3I2N3hx-w0hoIfLR_JJsn8q5UZDYAl5HOHPY-87N5&s=w1RtYvs8dwtfvlTkHqP_P-74ITvUW2IiHLSai7br25U&e=" data-auth="NotApplicable">
https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.amazon.com_author_andreaswichert&d=DwIDaQ&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=wQR1NePCSj6dOGDD0r6B5Kn1fcNaTMg7tARe7TdEDqQ&m=oGn-OID5YOewbgo3j_HjFjI3I2N3hx-w0hoIfLR_JJsn8q5UZDYAl5HOHPY-87N5&s=w1RtYvs8dwtfvlTkHqP_P-74ITvUW2IiHLSai7br25U&e=</a><br>
>>>> Instituto Superior Técnico - Universidade de Lisboa<br>
>>>> Campus IST-Taguspark<br>
>>>> Avenida Professor Cavaco Silva Phone: +351 214233231<br>
>>>> 2744-016 Porto Salvo, Portugal<br>
>>>>>> On 13 Jan 2023, at 08:13, Schmidhuber Juergen <juergen@idsia.ch> wrote:<br>
>>>>> Machine learning is the science of credit assignment. My new survey credits the pioneers of deep learning and modern AI (supplementing my award-winning 2015 survey):<br>
>>>>> <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__arxiv.org_abs_2212.11279&d=DwIDaQ&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=wQR1NePCSj6dOGDD0r6B5Kn1fcNaTMg7tARe7TdEDqQ&m=oGn-OID5YOewbgo3j_HjFjI3I2N3hx-w0hoIfLR_JJsn8q5UZDYAl5HOHPY-87N5&s=6E5_tonSfNtoMPw1fvFOm8UFm7tDVH7un_kbogNG_1w&e=" data-auth="NotApplicable">
https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__arxiv.org_abs_2212.11279&d=DwIDaQ&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=wQR1NePCSj6dOGDD0r6B5Kn1fcNaTMg7tARe7TdEDqQ&m=oGn-OID5YOewbgo3j_HjFjI3I2N3hx-w0hoIfLR_JJsn8q5UZDYAl5HOHPY-87N5&s=6E5_tonSfNtoMPw1fvFOm8UFm7tDVH7un_kbogNG_1w&e=</a><br>
>>>>> <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__people.idsia.ch_-7Ejuergen_deep-2Dlearning-2Dhistory.html&d=DwIDaQ&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=wQR1NePCSj6dOGDD0r6B5Kn1fcNaTMg7tARe7TdEDqQ&m=oGn-OID5YOewbgo3j_HjFjI3I2N3hx-w0hoIfLR_JJsn8q5UZDYAl5HOHPY-87N5&s=XPnftI8leeqoElbWQIApFNQ2L4gDcrGy_eiJv2ZPYYk&e=" data-auth="NotApplicable">
https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__people.idsia.ch_-7Ejuergen_deep-2Dlearning-2Dhistory.html&d=DwIDaQ&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=wQR1NePCSj6dOGDD0r6B5Kn1fcNaTMg7tARe7TdEDqQ&m=oGn-OID5YOewbgo3j_HjFjI3I2N3hx-w0hoIfLR_JJsn8q5UZDYAl5HOHPY-87N5&s=XPnftI8leeqoElbWQIApFNQ2L4gDcrGy_eiJv2ZPYYk&e=</a><br>
>>>>> This was already reviewed by several deep learning pioneers and other experts. Nevertheless, let me know under juergen@idsia.ch if you can spot any remaining error or have suggestions for improvements.<br>
>>>>> Happy New Year!<br>
>>>>> Jürgen<br>
> <br>
> <br>
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