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<!--StartFragment--><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial">Dear Terry,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; ">I personally
don’t believe that a “debate between lumpers and splitters” is productive.
Understanding the brain cannot be achieved in one grand step. It needs to be
done by successive approximations, by unlumping coarser models into finer models.
Such a method has been enormously successful throughout the history of
theoretical physics.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; ">In order
to deeply understand how brains give rise to minds, I believe that we need to
take seriously the basic fact that: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Behavioral
</i>success drives <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">brain</i> evolution.
This implies that, if we want to discover the evolutionary constraints that
have shaped brain design, we need to theoretically represent the functional
brain units that can compute indices of behavioral success. I have developed
and practiced such a method, with many colleagues, over the past 50 years. It
is summarized in<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; "><a href="http://www.cns.bu.edu/Profiles/Grossberg/GrossbergInterests.pdf">http://www.cns.bu.edu/Profiles/Grossberg/GrossbergInterests.pdf</a>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; ">That is
how, after more than 20 years of developing non-laminar neural models of
various behavioral functions, my colleagues and I were forced into finer laminar cortical
models with a much expanded explanatory and predictive range. As one result, in Table 1 in Raizada and Grossberg (2003, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Cerebral Cortex</i>, 13, 100-113,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><a href="http://www.cns.bu.edu/Profiles/Grossberg/RaiGro03CerCor.pdf">http://www.cns.bu.edu/Profiles/Grossberg/RaiGro03CerCor.pdf</a>),
the LAMINART model predicts distinct functional roles in <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>visual perceptual grouping for multiple
identified cell types and connections throughout the layers of V1 and V2.
Advanced experimental methods are needed to test these predictions, as well as
to report unknown circuit properties, but I doubt that having such data without
a functionally meaningful theory would make much sense.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; ">As another
example: the TELOS model (Brown, Bullock, and Grossberg (2004, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Neural Networks</i>, 17, 471-510, <a href="http://www.cns.bu.edu/Profiles/Grossberg/BroBulGro2003NN.pdf">http://www.cns.bu.edu/Profiles/Grossberg/BroBulGro2003NN.pdf</a>)
learned five saccadic tasks that are reported in monkey experiments and then,
using the learned model parameters, quantitatively simulated, and predicted the
function of, the recorded dynamics of 17 identified cells types across multiple
brain regions, as well as cell types that have not yet been reported. Again,
more experiments are needed, but without a functionally meaningful theory, the
data may well seem meaningless.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; ">I could go on with many such examples, but I hope that my main point is clear: In order
to develop this kind of evolving but principled theory, which embodies both "lumping" and "splitting", I believe that one
needs to link brain to behavior at every step, and acknowledge that the theorist’s
task is to provide functionally meaningful explanations and predictions for
every component in a model, at each stage of the unlumping process, and at multiple
levels of organization.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; ">Best,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; ">Steve</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Times;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial"><o:p> </o:p></span></p></body></html>